Hepatitis B virus (HBV) exhibits significant genetic and antigenic variability, influencing its clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and response to treatment. This review comprehensively overviews HBV genotypes, serotypes, and laboratory detection techniques. The diversity of HBV genotypes, their geographic distribution, and the clinical implications of specific genotypes and serotypes are explored. The article also highlights advances in laboratory detection methods, including molecular diagnostics and serological assays, essential for effective disease management and monitoring. The current study utilized a systematic review approach to identify relevant articles from databases including PubMed, MDPI, Scopus, and Research Gate, applying specific search criteria. A deeper understanding of HBV’s genetic and serological diversity is critical for developing targeted therapies and improving global public health outcomes.

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